**Green Feed**
The optimal harvesting period for green feed varies depending on the type of plant. For grasses, it is typically from the heading stage to the early flowering stage. Legumes are best harvested from the first bloom to full bloom, while leafy plants are usually collected in the fall. One of the most common methods of processing green feed is chopping, which is simple and widely used by farmers. Chopping improves digestibility and makes it easier for chickens to swallow. The green feed should be cut into small pieces, generally no longer than 1 cm, to ensure better digestion and nutrient absorption.
Dry forage and leaves are commonly used as supplementary feed during winter and spring in chicken farms. After being crushed, they can serve as raw materials for chicken feed. This method is cost-effective and efficient. Drying can be done naturally or artificially, and silage is another effective storage method. The process is similar to corn straw silage, but legume silage is more challenging and often requires adding carbohydrates or mixing with grasses to improve fermentation.
**Energy Feed**
Energy feeds are generally high in nutritional value and digestibility, but the structure of seeds—such as the seed coat, hard shell, and starch granules—can affect nutrient absorption. To maximize their benefits, these feeds need to be processed before use. The most common method is grinding, but the particles should not be too fine. A granule size of 2–3 mm is ideal. Once ground, the feed has a larger surface area, making it more prone to moisture absorption and oxidation, especially those with high fat content. These feeds are not suitable for long-term storage and should be processed only when needed.
**Corn**
Corn is typically stored in bulk, often in silos. The depth of the silo should be kept below 14% to prevent heat buildup, even though the storage time is relatively short. Corn that is not immediately used should be stored in a cold or well-ventilated area. If it’s in flour form, its small particle size reduces air circulation, making it difficult to store. High temperatures after milling (around 30–35°C) can lead to clumping, mold, and spoilage. Therefore, freshly milled corn should be cooled and aerated promptly. It’s best to shape it into compact blocks for better heat dissipation and regular inspection. Corn should be stored safely and only ground when needed.
**Meal**
Cake-based feeds lack cell membranes, making them vulnerable to nutrient loss and infestation. Proper storage involves controlling moisture, preventing mold, and managing pests. Before storing, fumigation with aluminum phosphide can help eliminate insects, and antiseptics like anthranilic acid can be used. The storage area should be dry, compacted, and at least 20 cm thick. Moisture levels should be kept around 5% to avoid spoilage.
**Bran**
Bran is porous and absorbs moisture easily, with a fat content of up to 5%, making it prone to rancidity and mold, especially in summer. The temperature of fresh bran can reach 30°C, so it should be cooled to 10–15°C before storage. Regular checks are necessary to prevent condensation, mold, and insect infestation. Bran should not be stored for more than three months, and rancidity increases after four months.
**Rice Bran**
Rice bran is more unstable than regular bran and should not be pressed or stored for long periods. It needs to be checked regularly, turned over, and kept ventilated and cool. Due to its high fat content and poor thermal conductivity, rice bran is more susceptible to spoilage and should be stored promptly to avoid losses.
**Compound Feed**
Compound feeds come in various forms, such as complete feeds, premixes, concentrates, and additives. Each type has different storage requirements based on composition and physical form. Particulate and powdered feeds, for example, have different handling and storage characteristics.
**Full-Purpose Pellets**
Full-pellet feeds are often treated with steam pressure, killing most microorganisms and pests. They have low moisture content and good porosity, making them easy to store. However, if exposed to moisture, they can develop mold. Vitamins are also sensitive to light, so proper storage is essential. Powdered compound feeds, on the other hand, have a larger surface area, making them more prone to moisture and vitamin degradation. They should be used within two weeks to maintain quality.
**Concentrated Feed**
Concentrated feed is rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals but has poor thermal conductivity and is easily affected by moisture. This makes it prone to microbial growth and vitamin damage. Adding antioxidants and storing it in a cool, dry place can help extend its shelf life.
**Additive Premix**
Additive premixes contain vitamins, trace elements, and sometimes amino acids or drugs. These ingredients are sensitive to light, heat, and moisture, so they should be stored in dark, dry, and cool conditions. It’s best to seal them in small, light-proof bags and mix them just before use to preserve potency.
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