How to Protect Common Stone Lesions?
Abstract: The key to preventing rust lies in applying an effective surface treatment after the stone is processed. This helps prevent iron deposits from oxidizing and seeping out of the stone. One common issue, known as salt crystallization or efflorescence, occurs when alkaline cement used in wet construction reacts with acidic elements in the atmosphere. As moisture evaporates, it leaves behind salt crystals on the stone’s surface, causing unsightly white stains.
Over time, natural weathering can cause various types of damage to stone surfaces. How can we protect against these issues? Let's explore the most common problems and their solutions.
1. Rust Stains: These occur due to both natural and human factors. Some stones contain higher levels of iron, which oxidizes over time, leading to rust spots. Additionally, during excavation, processing, or installation, residual iron can remain on the stone’s surface and eventually oxidize, causing discoloration.
To prevent rust, apply a suitable surface treatment after processing. For existing rust, use a rust remover—though many commercial products are acidic, it's important to test them on acid-sensitive stones like marble first. Dilute if necessary, and always rinse thoroughly with water afterward. Applying a resin coating afterward can enhance the stone’s waterproofing properties.
2. Water Stains: These often result from the presence of cement in wet construction. Sodium hydroxide in cement attracts moisture, forming a corrosive solution that can leave wet marks. To prevent this, apply a resin-based sealer to make the stone waterproof and reduce chemical reactions between the stone and cement.
Unfortunately, there is no perfect solution for existing water stains. One approach is to use a resin treatment to even out color differences between stained and unstained areas. Alternatively, soaking the stone with a dye can help restore its original appearance. Water stains are considered one of the most challenging issues in stone maintenance.
3. Efflorescence (Baihua): This appears as white, powdery deposits caused by moisture carrying salts from cement into the stone. Over time, exposure to COâ‚‚ and acid rain causes these salts to form insoluble white substances. To prevent this, apply a protective sealant to all sides of the stone before installation. In wet construction, adding anti-efflorescence agents to cement can help. Dry-hanging methods are also recommended.
If efflorescence has already formed, lightly wet the area, then gently scrub with diluted hydrochloric acid. Rinse thoroughly with clean water and neutralize the surface. Once dry, reapply a protective sealer to the stone and joints.
4. Salt Crystallization (Efflorescence): As mentioned earlier, this occurs when alkaline cement interacts with acidic atmospheric components. When moisture evaporates, it leaves behind salt crystals on the stone surface. To prevent this, avoid using wet cement mortar and apply a penetrating sealer to keep the stone waterproof.
To remove existing salt crystals, brush off the visible powder, rinse with plenty of water, and then apply a waterproof resin or polishing agent to restore the surface.
5. Moss Growth: Moss tends to grow in moist, organic-rich areas of the stone, creating green or yellow patches that degrade the stone’s appearance. The best prevention is to control moisture and ensure proper drainage. If moss has already grown, remove it with a suitable detergent, dry the surface, and apply a stone maintenance product to protect it from future growth.
The information provided here is based on real-world challenges faced in stone maintenance. It is intended for reference only. If you have any questions or need further clarification, feel free to reach out and discuss. Stay informed and maintain your stone surfaces properly!
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