U.S. and Japan Policy on Lead-Based Coatings

U.S. and Japan Policy on Lead-Based Coatings
Since the 1990s, the United States has implemented strict regulations on lead-based paints, particularly those that come into contact with people—especially children. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has taken a proactive approach by funding training programs for private inspection agencies and personnel, as well as establishing a dedicated hotline, 1-800-424-LEAD (5323), for public complaints and inquiries. Under U.S. law, homeowners who built their houses before the 1980s are legally required to disclose any potential lead content in the paint during property sales or rentals. Additionally, any manufacturing company in the U.S. with more than 10 employees and an annual output exceeding 10 tons must annually submit reports under the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) program, which is managed by the EPA. This ensures transparency and accountability regarding chemical emissions.
In contrast, Japan's approach to reducing lead content in coatings has largely relied on industry self-regulation and the efforts of trade associations. The government sets target goals as a supportive measure. In 1996, the Japan Paint Industry Association released a report aimed at minimizing the risks associated with lead-containing paints. As a result, the use of lead compounds in paints was nearly eliminated within a short period. Following this, Japan introduced comprehensive standards for lead content across all coating sectors. The most recent standard, "JIS K5674-2008: Lead-free and Chromium-free Anti-Rust Paint," limits lead content to 0.06% or less. Furthermore, Japan enacted the "Principles for the Promotion of the Management of Exempt Chemical Substances" (PRTR Act), which requires companies to identify if lead or its compounds exceed 0.1% (1000 ppm) in their materials and to report emissions accordingly. These measures reflect a strong commitment to protecting both public health and the environment.

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