When the toilet flushes, does it send bacteria into the air? How dangerous are these microbes, and is covering the lid really effective? Dr. Chen Zuhui, a public health expert from Jinan University, explains that the number of bacteria released by household siphonic toilets is relatively low. Therefore, whether you cover the lid or not doesn't make much difference. The key is to keep the bathroom well-ventilated and dry.
Dr. Chen explained that when a toilet flushes, water creates a whirlpool effect, which can generate an aerosol—tiny particles suspended in the air. If the lid is left open, some bacteria might be carried into the air. These bacteria could then settle on surfaces, toothbrushes, towels, or even remain airborne for a short time.
However, not all bacteria are easily dispersed. Some prefer to stay deeper in the water, especially those with higher lipid content. When a siphonic toilet flushes, these bacteria may be lifted and become more mobile. Studies show that after flushing, E. coli can spread up to about one meter around the toilet bowl within two hours, while Salmonella can cover the same area in just 30 minutes. Clostridium, on the other hand, tends to accumulate on the toilet seat within 60 minutes.
In long-term experiments, bacteria were found to spread throughout the bathroom at very low concentrations. However, there's no evidence of them reaching heights of six meters. As for how long they stay in the air, the research remains inconclusive.
The amount of bacteria dispersed depends on the strength of the flush. Siphonic toilets, commonly used in homes, have weaker flushes compared to older gravity-fed models. This means fewer bacteria are likely to be lifted into the air. In contrast, airplane toilets have high-pressure systems and limited ventilation, making it more important to close the lid during use.
Many people worry about bacteria spreading through the toilet, especially when it's flushed. But Dr. Chen reassures us that most bacteria in the air are not harmful. They include both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains, as well as beneficial ones. For any bacteria to cause harm, they need to reach a certain concentration.
While the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong showed that viruses could spread through sewer systems, this was an extreme case. In normal daily life, the risk from toilet aerosols is minimal.
Regarding the advice to cover the toilet lid, Dr. Chen says it’s not highly effective. Leaving it open might release bacteria into the air, but closing it could allow bacteria to stick to the seat, potentially causing skin infections if the skin is broken.
To reduce the spread of germs, the best approach is to ensure good ventilation. Dr. Chen recommends using an exhaust fan or opening windows, and keeping the door closed while using the toilet. After flushing, leave the fan running for at least two more minutes to clear out any airborne particles. Regular cleaning of the toilet is also essential—don’t wait for stains to appear before cleaning.
As winter approaches, many people place flannel seat covers on their toilets. Experts warn that these can actually trap moisture, waste, and bacteria, increasing the risk of contamination. It’s better to avoid them unless absolutely necessary, and if used, they should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.
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