When the toilet is flushed, does it release bacteria into the air? How dangerous are these microbes to human health? And is covering the toilet lid really effective in preventing contamination? Dr. Chen Zuhui, a public health expert from Jinan University, explains that the number of bacteria released by household siphonic toilets is generally limited and not significant enough to cause major concerns. The key to reducing bacterial spread lies in proper ventilation and keeping the bathroom dry.
According to Dr. Chen, when a toilet flushes, water creates a whirlpool effect, which can generate an aerosol—tiny particles or droplets suspended in the air. If the toilet lid is left open, some bacteria may become airborne and settle on nearby surfaces, such as walls, toothbrushes, or towels. However, not all bacteria follow this path. Some tend to sink deeper into the water, while others accumulate on the surface. These surface-dwelling bacteria can be more easily lifted into the air during flushing.
Studies have shown that after a toilet is flushed, bacteria like E. coli can spread within a 1-meter radius in about two hours, while Salmonella can do so in just 30 minutes. Clostridium, on the other hand, tends to collect around the toilet seat at a height of about 25 cm. In longer-term experiments, bacteria were found to spread throughout the bathroom at very low concentrations, though no cases of bacteria reaching 6 meters high were recorded.
The extent of bacterial spread depends on the strength of the flush. Siphonic toilets used in most homes have lower pressure and less powerful cyclones compared to older gravity-fed models. As a result, they release fewer bacteria into the air. In contrast, airplane toilets, which have higher pressure and limited ventilation, pose a greater risk if not properly managed.
Dr. Chen also notes that while some bacteria are harmful, many are harmless or even beneficial. Pathogenic bacteria need to reach a certain concentration before they can cause harm. Although there have been rare cases, such as the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong, where viruses were transmitted through sewer systems, such situations are extreme and not typical of everyday life.
Regarding the common advice to cover the toilet lid when flushing, Dr. Chen says it’s not entirely effective. Leaving the lid open might allow bacteria to spread, but closing it could lead to bacteria settling on the seat, potentially causing skin infections if the skin is broken. Therefore, he emphasizes that maintaining good ventilation and drying in the bathroom is more important than simply covering the lid.
To reduce bacterial spread, he recommends closing the bathroom door, turning on the exhaust fan, and leaving it running for an additional two minutes after flushing. Regular cleaning of the toilet and avoiding the buildup of stains is also essential. Additionally, using flannel seat covers is discouraged, as they can trap moisture and bacteria, increasing the risk of contamination. If used, they should be cleaned and disinfected frequently.
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