Choosing the right microcontroller (MCU) for measurement applications has become an increasingly challenging challenge as the variety of MCUs is increasing in cost, peripheral design and portfolio, CPU architecture and board integration. For portable industrial measurement applications, the most important factors are battery life, high-performance analog peripherals, and appropriate user interfaces. These factors determine which MCU will be the best choice for measurement applications.
Long battery life In order to maximize battery life, the design must minimize the average current consumption. Designers should not only consider operating parameters, but should also calculate the average power consumption for all operating conditions. If a decision is made rashly, the designer may make a mistake in power usage, resulting in excessive power consumption. Current low-power MCUs offer multiple modes of operation, including active mode, standby mode, and power-down mode. In active mode, all clocks are active; in standby mode, the CPU clock is inactive, but the real-time clock is running, waiting for an interrupt event to wake up the CPU; typically the MCU has different levels of standby mode of operation. In power-down mode, all clocks are inactive and wait for an interrupt event to wake up the CPU. In order to understand the power consumption of different working modes, we must consider the characteristics outside the data table. Some data sheets give current consumption under unrealistic operating conditions. In order to understand the exact situation, we compare the maximum current consumption in different operating modes according to the specific working voltage and operating temperature in the actual application environment. Generally, for lithium-ion batteries, the voltage is 3V and the operating temperature is 25oC. .
Another way to extend battery life is to minimize the transition time between standby or power down mode to active mode. Some vendors have introduced "on-demand" clock sources designed to provide a stable clock source immediately after an assertion assertion.
The MCU can wake up the CPU with a flag poll or interrupt vector. The interrupt-driven architecture provides significant power savings because the CPU can immediately respond to any event without wasting current for polling peripherals.
Standby mode consumes less power than active mode. The MCU we selected must keep the standby current of the CPU as small as possible. Designed to reduce power consumption, MCUs can automatically trigger analog-to-digital conversions with timers and data, eliminating the need for direct memory access (DMA) and cache sampling for CPU intervention. When the CPU is idle, it can be used for other work, which helps to improve system throughput. In addition, we can turn off the CPU to reduce the average power consumption of the application.
Minimizing leakage current is critical to reducing power consumption. For most portable applications, the end product does not work most of the time, so the leakage current determines the average current consumption. We want to calculate the leakage current of the entire port and ensure that the port configuration minimizes current consumption.
We should evaluate the different functions in the MCU separately to understand their impact on current consumption. For example, be very careful when integrating undervoltage protection. Undervoltage can occur when the battery is inserted or the power supply drops below the normal power specification but above ground. Most MCUs integrate undervoltage protection, but this increases the average current consumption by 20uA to 70uA. When selecting an MCU, care should be taken to avoid increasing current consumption when adding protection mechanisms.
High performance simulation
When making architectural decisions, we need to consider the requirements of the simulation. We need to carefully study the peripherals provided by the MCU product line to ensure that it meets current and future needs. For example, some products in the MSP430 family include 12-bit analog-to-digital converters, 12-bit digital-to-analog converters, and low-power operational amplifiers, making them unsuitable for portable measurement applications. When choosing an MCU product line, make sure that the product line offers a high-performance peripheral combination so designers can get a future integration development strategy. In addition, if there is no MCU that can provide a suitable combination of analog peripherals, we can also use external analog peripherals, after all, performance is more important than integration.
If the MCU integrates peripherals, then we need to consider peripheral design issues to ensure that they are fully functional in the application process. Some CPUs have higher data processing efficiency. A 16-bit MCU with a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter processes data faster than an 8-bit MCU. The 16-bit MCU can sample in a 16-bit register, while the 8-bit MCU processes the sample in two 8-bit registers.
User interface
Another factor in design is the efficient integration of all the user interfaces required for the application, including the keyboard, display, and communication ports. The keyboard is very simple, but the designer has to make sure that the application can interrupt and efficiently handle keyboard key operations. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are commonly used to provide feedback to users with low cost and power consumption. Most manufacturers use custom displays to meet the designer's needs, minimizing the voltage used by the system and display, regardless of the characters and symbols displayed. When selecting an MCU, be sure to update the display regularly without the CPU. Designers should know how many fragments the MCU can support and how many fragments the application can support.
The communication port is another user interface. We can use a variety of communication solutions, including I2C, RS-232, RS-485 and RF. We must seriously consider how to implement communication technology in the MCU. We can choose hardware and software based on the required baud rate, including low-cost software solutions, but usually take up some resources of the MCU.
Long battery life In order to maximize battery life, the design must minimize the average current consumption. Designers should not only consider operating parameters, but should also calculate the average power consumption for all operating conditions. If a decision is made rashly, the designer may make a mistake in power usage, resulting in excessive power consumption. Current low-power MCUs offer multiple modes of operation, including active mode, standby mode, and power-down mode. In active mode, all clocks are active; in standby mode, the CPU clock is inactive, but the real-time clock is running, waiting for an interrupt event to wake up the CPU; typically the MCU has different levels of standby mode of operation. In power-down mode, all clocks are inactive and wait for an interrupt event to wake up the CPU. In order to understand the power consumption of different working modes, we must consider the characteristics outside the data table. Some data sheets give current consumption under unrealistic operating conditions. In order to understand the exact situation, we compare the maximum current consumption in different operating modes according to the specific working voltage and operating temperature in the actual application environment. Generally, for lithium-ion batteries, the voltage is 3V and the operating temperature is 25oC. .
Another way to extend battery life is to minimize the transition time between standby or power down mode to active mode. Some vendors have introduced "on-demand" clock sources designed to provide a stable clock source immediately after an assertion assertion.
The MCU can wake up the CPU with a flag poll or interrupt vector. The interrupt-driven architecture provides significant power savings because the CPU can immediately respond to any event without wasting current for polling peripherals.
Standby mode consumes less power than active mode. The MCU we selected must keep the standby current of the CPU as small as possible. Designed to reduce power consumption, MCUs can automatically trigger analog-to-digital conversions with timers and data, eliminating the need for direct memory access (DMA) and cache sampling for CPU intervention. When the CPU is idle, it can be used for other work, which helps to improve system throughput. In addition, we can turn off the CPU to reduce the average power consumption of the application.
Minimizing leakage current is critical to reducing power consumption. For most portable applications, the end product does not work most of the time, so the leakage current determines the average current consumption. We want to calculate the leakage current of the entire port and ensure that the port configuration minimizes current consumption.
We should evaluate the different functions in the MCU separately to understand their impact on current consumption. For example, be very careful when integrating undervoltage protection. Undervoltage can occur when the battery is inserted or the power supply drops below the normal power specification but above ground. Most MCUs integrate undervoltage protection, but this increases the average current consumption by 20uA to 70uA. When selecting an MCU, care should be taken to avoid increasing current consumption when adding protection mechanisms.
High performance simulation
When making architectural decisions, we need to consider the requirements of the simulation. We need to carefully study the peripherals provided by the MCU product line to ensure that it meets current and future needs. For example, some products in the MSP430 family include 12-bit analog-to-digital converters, 12-bit digital-to-analog converters, and low-power operational amplifiers, making them unsuitable for portable measurement applications. When choosing an MCU product line, make sure that the product line offers a high-performance peripheral combination so designers can get a future integration development strategy. In addition, if there is no MCU that can provide a suitable combination of analog peripherals, we can also use external analog peripherals, after all, performance is more important than integration.
If the MCU integrates peripherals, then we need to consider peripheral design issues to ensure that they are fully functional in the application process. Some CPUs have higher data processing efficiency. A 16-bit MCU with a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter processes data faster than an 8-bit MCU. The 16-bit MCU can sample in a 16-bit register, while the 8-bit MCU processes the sample in two 8-bit registers.
User interface
Another factor in design is the efficient integration of all the user interfaces required for the application, including the keyboard, display, and communication ports. The keyboard is very simple, but the designer has to make sure that the application can interrupt and efficiently handle keyboard key operations. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are commonly used to provide feedback to users with low cost and power consumption. Most manufacturers use custom displays to meet the designer's needs, minimizing the voltage used by the system and display, regardless of the characters and symbols displayed. When selecting an MCU, be sure to update the display regularly without the CPU. Designers should know how many fragments the MCU can support and how many fragments the application can support.
The communication port is another user interface. We can use a variety of communication solutions, including I2C, RS-232, RS-485 and RF. We must seriously consider how to implement communication technology in the MCU. We can choose hardware and software based on the required baud rate, including low-cost software solutions, but usually take up some resources of the MCU.
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