Aluminum alloy spatial grid structures are composed of similar or small-scale basic structural units arranged in a three-dimensional pattern. These systems efficiently transmit force flows through space. The aluminum alloy spatial grids discussed in this paper include single-layer and double-layer reticulated shells, as well as grid frames. When classified by joint stiffness, the aluminum alloy grid and double-layer reticulated shell are considered articulated systems, while the single-layer reticulated shell is a rigid-jointed system. In structural analysis, joints can be assumed to be hinged, with members only experiencing axial forces. For single-layer reticulated shells, however, the joints may be modeled as rigid, leading to additional bending moments, torsion, and shear forces acting on the members. Based on unit composition, aluminum alloy spatial grid structures are typically rigid-unit systems. They include single-layer reticulated shells using beam elements, grid frames using rod elements, and double-layer reticulated shells. Rod elements correspond to hinge systems with 3 degrees of freedom per node, while beam elements represent rigid connections with 6 degrees of freedom per node. Although real-world nodes are neither fully hinged nor fully rigid, they exist in a semi-rigid state. Structural models used in analysis are simplified representations, and it's crucial to choose models that closely reflect actual behavior to ensure structural safety and reliability.
From a morphological perspective, grid structures generally have higher density than single-layer lattice shells. This high-density arrangement increases redundancy in the network, often resulting in excess load-bearing capacity. In contrast, single-layer lattice shells may have fewer or no redundant components, which significantly affects their overall buckling performance.
2.1 Application of Aluminum Alloy Spatial Grid Structures Abroad The concept of lattice shell structures dates back to 1863, when German engineer Schwedler, known as the "father of the dome," designed and constructed an early steel lattice shell. The first grid frame structure was built in Germany in 1940 using the Mero system. In recent decades, spatial grid structures—such as domes and grids—have developed rapidly. Compared to traditional steel structures, aluminum alloy spatial grids emerged later. One of the earliest examples was the “Exploration†dome in the UK, built in 1951. With advancements in processing technology, improved manufacturing methods, and innovations in node systems, aluminum alloy spatial grid structures have found applications not only in public buildings like stadiums, convention centers, and theaters but also in industrial settings such as large petrochemical storage tanks, dry coal storage facilities in thermal power plants, and wastewater treatment plants. These structures have been widely adopted globally. Table 1 lists some representative aluminum alloy spatial grid structures from abroad.
2.2 Application of Aluminum Alloy Spatial Grid Structures in China China's use of spatial structures began in the 1950s, with the Tianjin Sports Stadium roof (built in 1956) being one of the early examples. The bolted sphere node system was introduced in the 1970s, inspired by the Mero node concept. Since the 1990s, the application of aluminum alloy spatial grid structures has gradually increased across the country. Today, many regions have implemented various forms of these structures, including both reticulated shells and grid frames.
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